The Russian state had entered the Crimean War in 1854 with high hopes of victory. These were oversimplified explanations but there some truth in all of them: serfdom was symptomatic of the underlying difficulties that held Russia back from progress.It was, therefore, a particularly easy target for the intelligentsia, those intellectuals who in their writings argued for the liberalising of Russian society, beginning with the emancipation of the exploited peasants.Īs often happened in Russian history, it was war that forced the issue. It became convenient to use serfdom to explain all Russia’s current weaknesses: it was responsible for military incompetence, food shortages, over population, civil disorder, industrial backwardness. But many Russians, of all ranks and classes, had come to accept that reform of some kind was unavoidable if their nation was to progress. Some, known as slavophiles, rejoiced, claiming that holy Russia was a unique God-inspired nation that had nothing to learn from the corrupt nations to the west. It remained economically and socially backward. Imperial Russia underwent no such transition. However, long before the 19th century, the feudal system had been abandoned in western Europe as it moved into the commercial and industrial age. In a number of respects serfdom was not dissimilar to the feudalism that had operated in many parts of pre-modern Europe. They were most heavily concentrated in the central and western provinces of Russia. The serfs made up just over a third of the population and formed half of the peasantry. In this way the Romanov emperors built up Russia’s civil bureaucracy and the armed services as bodies of public servants who had a vested interest in maintaining the tsarist state. They were to express that loyalty in practical form by serving the tsar as military officers or public officials. The purpose behind the granting of such powers to the Russian dvoriane (nobility of landowners) in 1649 had been to make the nobles dependent on, and therefore loyal to, the tsar. Since this included the power to deny the serf the right to move elsewhere, the difference between slavery and serfdom in practice was so fine as to be indistinguishable. The Russian system dated back to 1649 and the introduction of a legal code which had granted total authority to the landowner to control the life and work of the peasant serfs who lived on his land. It was because he lived on his land that the serf was bound to the lord. In Russia the traditional relationship between lord and serf was based on land. This contrasted with the system in the USA where the negro slaves were chattels that is, they were regarded in law as the disposable property of their masters. The serfdom that had operated in Russia since the middle of the seventeenth century was technically not slavery. This is not as hypocritical as it might first appear. Tsar Alexander II (1855-81) shared with his father, Nicholas I, a conviction that American slavery was inhumane. Four years later, slavery in the USA was similarly declared unlawful by presidential order. In 1861 serfdom, the system which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsar’s imperial command.
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In JavaScript everything is a reference to an object. The 3rd of the four rules is the implicit binding ruleand the earlier code sample works for this rule as well. This applies at the time we are invoking this, so if “use strict” was only placed inside the foo function above the console.log, this would be defaulted to undefined. If you are not in strict mode, default the this keyword to the global object. If you are in strict mode, default the this keyword to the undefined value. This is a plain reference to the function, and the default binding rule applies here (because none of the other three rules apply). We know that this needs to reference on object, not a primitive such as a number or a boolean. So we first look at the 4th rule in order of precedence – the default binding rule: We will learn these in reverse order of precedence. Kyle says it doesn’t matter where a function is declared, whether there’s func, classes or objects or anything else involved. They all depend on the call site, which is where a function gets executed with its open close parentheses. There are four rules for how the this keyword gets bound. This this keyword has probably the most misunderstood and confused mechanism in JavaScript, but it need not be magic any longer because there are just a few rules to learn along with their order of precedence. We see the two metaphorical building again: one for lexical scope and another for dynamic scope. JavaScript’s version of “dynamic scope” is this. The idea is to give us a strong contrast between the lexical scoping model (author time decision) and the this keyword.Įvery function, while executing, has a reference to its current execution context called this. (In addition to, ahem, this, you should also have a read of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of Kyle Simpson’s excellent book You Don’t Know JS: this & Object Prototypes.) There are a number of restrictions to make the challenge more interesting. You are invited to fix a code sample so that it prints out the alphabet A-Z in the console. Or in more informal terms “lets don’t hoist” Exercise 1 Kyle says header files in the C language are a form of manual hoisting. We see an example of using mutual recursion in JavaScript, and you’re invited to guess the answer. Mutual recursion is only possible when we have hoisting. Some problems aren’t practically solvable without mutual recursion. Or more specifically mutual recursion, which is two or more functions calling each other. This is all to do with recursion (when a function calls itself). Please: never write crazy code like this! Why Hoisting? There’s another code example with foo used in four different contexts. Kyle also shows a code example with a function declaration b and a function expression d. At 4 mins 14 secs in we see the hoisted way of thinking about that code example.įunction declarations are hosted before variables, and Kyle says it’s technically possible to prove that. You can’t call a function expression before it’s been given it’s value. The concept of hoisting lets us think of the code like this: That are the values on each of these lines of code?: But it is a conceptual model that many people find useful for understanding how JavaScript behaves. The word hoisting is not found anywhere in the specification. (Also see Chapter 4 of the Scope & Closures book) (Answers given in this lesson from the course) Hoisting
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Whatever the case may be, I’m listing five times that basketball video games ended up being rude to gamers.NBA 2K12 The Michael Jordan version of NBA 2K12‘s cover Developer(s) Visual Concepts Publisher(s) 2K Sports Series NBA 2K Platform(s) Xbox 360 PlayStation Continue Reading → Posted in: NBA ALL SERIES, PSP Filed under: NBA 2K12, NBA 2K12 FOR ANDROID, NBA 2K12 FOR ANDROID IN HIGHLY COMPRESSED VERSION, NBA 2K12 FOR ANDROID PPSSPP, NBA. Other times, the game isn’t trying to be rude, but whichever developer was responsible for writing the messages has ended up adopting a tone that they possibly didn’t intend. Now, these messages aren’t profane or obscene, but their blunt or taunting nature can leave you muttering a few choice words in response. That in turn might lead you to throw out a few more obscenities, though the game will take it all in stride.Īs basketball video games have sought to incorporate more personality, and a bit of humour on some occasions, developers have slipped in a few rude messages. Of course, there are times when a game might sling a rude remark your way, sometimes in response to the way you’re playing, and other times almost completely unprovoked. You can be as profane as you like – at least until your housemates or neighbours complain – and you won’t hear a single retort from the game or system. One of the great things about video games is that when they defeat or otherwise annoy you, you can tell them off without fear of repercussions. This week’s Five is a list of five examples of times where basketball video games were rude to the gamers playing them. The feature is presented as either a list of five items, or in the form of a Top 5 countdown. Welcome to this week’s edition of The Friday Five! The Friday Five is a feature that I post every Friday in which I give my thoughts on a topic that’s related to NBA Live, NBA 2K, and other basketball video games, as well as the real NBA, and other areas of interest to our community. Other metabolites are only present in small fractions. However, 79% of the drug are circulating in form of upadacitinib itself, and only 13% as M4. The most important pathway consists of oxidation to a carboxylic acid and subsequent glucuronidation, yielding a metabolite called M4. It is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, and possibly to a minor extent by CYP2D6. When in the bloodstream, 52% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins. There is no significant first pass effect. Steady-state conditions are reached after four days accumulation is minimal. A fatty meal has no clinically relevant effect on its resorption. Pharmacokinetics Īfter oral intake, upadacitinib reaches highest concentrations in the blood plasma after two to four hours. Upadacitinib is a second generation Janus kinase inhibitor that is selective for the JAK1 subtype of this enzyme over the JAK2 (74-fold), JAK3 (58-fold) and tyrosine kinase 2 subtypes. This has led to dose-limiting side effects in this otherwise promising class of drugs. However, the first generation of these drugs, tofacitinib and ruxolitinib, lacked subtype selectivity, affecting JAK1/JAK3 and JAK1/JAK2 respectively. Inhibitors of this enzyme family ( jakinibs) have shown efficacy in treating certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. There are four JAK subtypes, each of which has overlapping receptor responsibilities. The Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases whose function is to transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. Serious side effects include infections, including life-threatening ones, such as pneumonia, cellulitis, tuberculosis, as well as shingles and other herpes infections. Side effects Ĭommon side effects are upper respiratory tract infections such as common cold and sinus infections (13.5% of patients in studies), nausea (3.5%), cough (2.2%), fever, and increased liver enzymes. It has no effect on substrates of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP2D6. Upadacitinib seems to be a weak inducer of CYP3A4, as it lowers concentrations of other substrates of this enzyme (such as the midazolam AUC by 26%). For example, rifampicin reduced the AUC by 60% in a study. Conversely, substances that strongly induce CYP3A4 lower upadacitinib concentrations. In a study, ketoconazole increased its AUC by 75%. Substances that strongly inhibit the liver enzyme CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole or clarithromycin, increase upadacitinib concentrations in the body. The use of upadacitinib in combination with other Janus kinase inhibitors, biologic DMARDs, or with potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine and ciclosporin is not recommended. The drug is contraindicated in people with active tuberculosis and other severe infections, severe liver impairment ( Child–Pugh score C), and during pregnancy. Upadacitinib may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate. Upadacitinib is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in adults who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). 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Among the available weapons, there was a place for the favorite minigun of a virtual protégé, which allows you to chop enemies left and right without thinking about reloading. Serious Sam 3 VR: BFE I have not had the VR version for a long time and did not like it as much as the other Serious Sam games. Also, you can swing the character thanks to the pick-up bonuses that drop from the defeated enemies. More than 15 types of firearms can be upgraded with 190 modules that add various properties. Sam Stone has a huge arsenal, which allows him to select the barrels to suit his own mood. Implemented the possibility of passing cooperative missions, which include a variety of tasks with the parallel destruction of all monsters in the location, as well as fight against other users from all over the world. The project expands the popular universe of Serious Sam, because the storyline of the game is a prequel to the original, telling the story of the adventures of the protagonist during his service as the captain of the combat unit called "Saratoga". Serious Sam VR: The Last Hope Is an action-packed first-person shooter designed specifically for VR headsets. Any player-made structures in these chunks may either be intact, buried, or deteriorated.
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